Study guide for final exam

Study guide for final exam

Social Problems

CHAPTER 6 - MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY 

1.      What is “McDonaldization”?

2.      Who is more likely to use the Internet?

3.      The country with the most number of cell phones is?

4.      Neil Postman worries that television does what?

5.      What are the niches that the new radio fills?

6.      William Eveland and Dhavan Shah argued what?

7.      According to the text, your own biases are likely to be shaped by what?

8.      Covert and Wasburn compared partisan and non-partisan magazines in terms of how they discussed key issues of crime and poverty. What did they find?

9.      In his research, Christopher Kollmeyer found that during a low point in the economy, media did what?

10.  According to economist Daniel Sutter, big businesses are what?

11.  What is true concerning women and their representation in the media?

12.  The shrinking of the world through technology is known as what?

CHAPTER 8 -POLITICS

13.  What were the three sources of authority identified by Max Weber?

 

14.  John F. Kennedy had a combination of types of leadership. Although he was the president of the United States, he also inspired people to get involved with their country’s programs through his inspirational speeches. President Kennedy combined which two sources of authority?

 

15.  The Democratic party of the United States supports what?

 

16.  The McCain-Feingold-Cochran reform bill seeks to control what?

17.  What concept refers to a political system in which power resides in the hands of the citizens?

18.  A totalitarian political system does what?

19.  Describe how the U.S. population behaves politically? 

20.  Know about interlocking directorates.

21.  Know about conflict theory.

22.  Know about functionalism.

23.  Know about symbolic interactionism.

24.  A power-elite model of the U.S. political system suggests what? 

CHAPTER 5 - AGING: SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF GROWING OLD

25.  According to the text, ageism is likely to ___________ due to the growing population of older individuals.

26.  Know about ageism.

27.  Since 1900, life expectancy has increased around the world.  This is mostly due to what?

28.  Know about activity theory.

29.  Know about continuity theory.

30.  According to Thomas R. Cole, attitudes toward health caused people to regard the elderly as what?

31.  What are forms of elder abuse?

32.  “Aging in place” refers to what?

33.  According to Charles H. Cooley, people develop a sense of self through what?

34.  Older people strive for continuity in their lives. Nowhere is this more obvious than where?

35.  Know about Medicare.

36.  Which state endorsed the Death with Dignity Act?

37.  Know about disengagement theory.

38.  Know about conflict theory.

39.  Know about euthanasia in the Netherlands.

40.  Know about the rate of poverty among the elderly.

Midterm 4

Midterm 4

Social Problems

Study guide: Chapter 14: Criminal Justice

 

1.      What are the three branches of the criminal justice system in the U.S.?

2.      Know examples of target hardening.

3.      Know general deterrence and specific deterrence

4.      Studies show that police officers spend what percent of their time directly protecting society?

5.      What the consequences of allowing police officers discretion in who they arrest?

6.      How likely is someone accused of a crime is to be convicted if he or she is represented by a public defender.

7.      In recent years, there has been a tendency for sentencing strategies to become what?

8.      Know examples of aggravating and mitigating circumstances.

9.      Structured sentencing attempts to do what to judicial discretion?

10.  According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1 out of how many people in the U.S. is likely to be incarcerated in his or her lifetime?

11.  What best describes the incarceration rate of the United States?

12.  What percent of prisoners return to prison within three years of their release?

13.  Sociologists James Austin and John Irwin calculated that including hidden expenses it costs how much to incarcerate an inmate for a single year?

14.  In Finland, prisons rely on what to achieve their aims?

15.  The number of states that currently have the death penalty in the U.S. is?

 

Study guide: Chapter 11: Drug and Alcohol Abuse

 

16.  Alcohol was used by human beings starting from when?

17.  During the U.S. Civil War soldiers were regularly given what drug?

18.  By the beginning of the 20^th century how widespread was drug use?

19.  How is drug abuse defined?

20.  How is a narcotic defined?

21.  What are the depressants?

22.  What are the effects of stimulants?

23.  Cannabis is classified as what kind of drug?

24.  What are the effects of hallucinogens?

25.  The medical model of drug abuse assumes what?

26.  Based on statistical data, a person of what age and gender is most likely to use drugs?

27.  Know symbolic interactionist theory.

28.  What is one of the oldest and most well-respected treatment program?

29.  Why are people in the inner city more likely to be arrested for drugs than those that live in the suburbs?

30.  According to the Drug Policy Alliance, which policy is likely to have more social benefits?

31.  Why is asset forfeiture a controversial way of controlling drug sales?

32.  When drug treatment programs are provided, what is the result?

 

Study guide: Chapter 10: Physical and Mental Health Care

 

33.     The first medical school in the United States was established in what year?

34.     In order to furnish themselves with cadavers for dissection, colonial medical students often resorted to what?

35.     What schools of medicine were popular in the early United States?

36.     Osteopathic medicine is related to what kind of therapy?

37.     What are the causes of childhood obesity?

38.     According to the World Health Organization, a proper health system should have what?

39.     When compared with other nations, the United States health care system is what?

40.     When compared to countries with integrated payment systems, the United States is what?

41.     Give examples of the medicalization of America

42.     In The Myth of Mental Illness, Dr. Thomas Szasz argues what?

43.     Which sociologist is associated with the sick role?

44.     According to sociologist Jill Quadagno, why has the U.S. government been resistant to universal health care?

45.     Why do those lower in the socioeconomic ladder have worse health than those above?

46.     In 2005, which group had the highest rate of chronic activity limitation?

47.     Educated individuals are more likely to do what?

48.     The sociological model of illness sees illness as what?

49.     What factors are related to the decline in dominance of medical doctors?

Midterm 3

Social Problems

Study guide – Race, ethnicity, and immigration

1.         Which of group exhibits the strongest preference for same-race neighbors?

2.         What are the racial categories that the U.S. Census uses? 

3.         What is Jim Crow?

4.         What is institutional discrimination?

5.         Give examples of institutional discrimination.

6.         When middle-income black families move into white neighborhoods, what is their experience?

7.         What happens when African Americans become successful?

8.         Ellis Cose in The Rage of the Privileged Class found that many successful African Americans confront what? 

9.         The group with the highest percentage of bachelor’s degrees is?

10.        The main reasons that immigrants cluster in ethnic enclaves are? 

11.        Know the arguments made by William J. Wilson 

12.        Know what Elijah Anderson discussed in his book called Code of the Street.

13.        According to William J. Wilson, what is the relationship between culture and structure in the inner city?

14.        What is assimilation?

15.        What arguments are made by proponents of “English Only” laws?

16.        What is ethnocentrism?

17.        Know the ideas of color-blind racism.

18.        What is a stereotype?

19.        What is racism?

20.        Ongoing segregation in the United States is driven what factors?

Study guide - gender

 

Women Don't Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide. Linda Babcock & Sara Laschever

1. According to Linda Babcock, are women better at negotiating salaries and raises than men?

 

CHAPTER 4. GENDER

2. West and Zimmerman propose what?

3. The number of female Senators in the US Senate is?

4. Dr. M. Gigi Durham’s book The Lolita Effect asserts that there are several myths about young girls and the media. What are they? 

5. Historically, what has been true about gender and religion? 

6. According to the text, feminists believe what?

7. The efforts of Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped lead to what?

8. Discuss the third wave of the feminist movement.

9. What has happened to the percentage of women attending college?

10. As men and women achieve higher levels of education, the income gap between them has what?

11. Employers are likely to perceive mothers as what?

12. The number-one killer of women in the United States is what?

13. What do feminists seek to achieve?

14. The difference between liberal feminists and radical feminists is what?

15. What are examples of abuse?

16. What is the terms for the biological makeup of males and females, especially in terms of their reproductive organs and bodily structures, is termed:

17. The social system in which men control the majority of power and exert authority over women and children is called what?

18. From 1980 to 2012, median hourly earnings (in 2012 dollars) for women has what?

19. Society’s expectations of how males and females should think and act is called what?

20. Functionalist see gender as hallmarked by what?

 

 

Study guide - Chapter 13. Crime

 

1. Know the types of violent crimes 

2. The majority of crime behavior is perpetrated between what ages? 

3. Know about the demographics of criminal behavior

4. What percentage of those in state and federal prisons are men?

5. Of the people arrested in the United States, what percent are African Americans? 

6. David Cole, in his book No Equal Justice, found what?

7. Compare the homicide rate in the US with other countries

8. Stanton Samenow says criminals are liable to do what?

9. The American Psychiatric Association claims that criminals are what?

10. According to anomie theory, why do people commit crimes?

11. According to conflict theory, why do people commit crimes?

12. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, why do people commit crimes?

13. According to Travis Hirschi, what are the four social bonds that affect personal restraint? 

14. The Dutch criminologist Willem Bonger believes that capitalism causes crime because it encourages people to be what?

15. Jeffrey Reiman argues that in capitalism, the rich are what? 

16. According to Robert Agnew, what are the three sources of strain?

17. Know the sociological theories of criminal behavior

Midterm 2

Midterm 2

Social Problems

Study guide – all topics

 

Here is a list of items that you should know about or questions you should be able to answer.

 

Chapter 15: Social Problems of Marriage and Family

 

1. Stephanie Coontz

2. In the early 1900s, the median age of first marriage for men was what?

3. The period for which the median age for brides was the lowest was when?

4. Cohabitation has __________ in the United States since 1970.

5. reasons why the rate of cohabitation has increased over the last 40 years

6. Which type of household tends to have the lowest incomes of all forms of family?

7. problems that children who are raised in single-parent families have 

8. What percent of gay couples have children?

9. The couples most likely to be married 5-7 years after beginning cohabitation are those for whom cohabitation is what?

10. The outcome of a trial marriage after 5-7 years is mostly likely to be what?

11. In general, married people tend to __________ than single people.

12. As of 2006, the cost of raising a child until the age of 17 was what?

13. In the 1950s, what percentage of marriages lasted 10 years or more?

14. risk factors for divorce

15. David Popenoe

16. In 2007, there were ___________ child fatalities due to neglect or physical abuse.

17. The children most likely to be subject to fatal abuse and neglect are whom?

18. After no-fault divorce was legalized, what generally resulted?

 

 

CHAPTER 12

SEX AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO SEXUALITY

 

19. Attitudes toward homosexuality from 1973-2008 show what? 

20. gay and lesbian youth

21. Given equal qualifications, who is likely to earn the higher salary?

a. married heterosexual men

b. single heterosexual men

c. single homosexual men

d. married heterosexual women

22. Edward Lauman

23. Laws restricting abortion in the early 1800s arose in order to what?

24. The age group with the highest rate of abortions is what?

25. Michel Foucault

26. queer theory

27. reasons why gay couples seek to marry

28. Kingsley Davis

29. Wendy Chapkis

30. the Meese commission

31. Roth v. United States

 

32. Miller v. California

33. Between 1995 and 2006, federal prosecutions for pornography did what?

 

CHAPTER 9

PROBLEMS IN EDUCATION

 

35. The United States ranks ___________ on the percentage of the Gross Domestic Product spent on education.

36. According to the text, the area of the world with the least literate people is where?

37. functionalism

38. Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis

39. conflict theory

40. Earnings by education show what?

41. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) 

42. charter schools

43. teacher expectancy effect

 

Lecture material -- Family

 

44. The divorce rate for college graduates who married between 1990 and 1994 is ____ for those without a four-year college degree.

45. Daniel Lichter

 

Marriage & Family: What Does the Scandinavian Experience Tell Us? Comparison of family trends & child wellbeing in the US and Sweden.

 

46. According to David Popenoe, what factors that once held families together are weakening in Sweden?

47. What does David Popenoe think the root cause of family breakdown in advanced industrial societies is?

 

Lecture material – Sex and sexual orientation

 

52. According to data for adults 18-44 from the 2006–2008 National Survey of Family Growth, which of the following statements is true? 

a. there are more women that identify as lesbians than bisexuals

b. there are more women that identify as bisexuals than lesbians

 

53. According to data for adults 18-44 from the 2006–2008 National Survey of Family Growth, which of the following statements is true? 

a. there are more men that identify as gay than bisexual

b. there are more men that identify as bisexual than gay

 

54. According to data for adults 18-44 from the 2006–2008 National Survey of Family Growth, which of the following statements is true? 

a. more heterosexual women report same-sex sexual activity than heterosexual men

b. more heterosexual men report same-sex sexual activity than heterosexual women

 

55. According to the study reported in “Gender and Sexual Orientation Differences in Sexual Response to Sexual Activities Versus Gender of Actors in Sexual Films,” which of the following statements is true?

a. with respect to genital response, actor gender was more important for men than for women

b. with respect to genital response, actor gender was more important for women than for men

 

56. Most Americans now believe that 

a. homosexual relations is always wrong

b. homosexuality is an acceptable lifestyle

c. gays and lesbians should have the right to be an elementary school teacher

d. both b and c

 

57. In contrast to heterosexuals with favorable attitudes toward gay people, those with negative attitudes are more likely to be whom?

 

58. In a 2007 Gallop poll, _____ percent of Americans stated they believe homosexuality is something a person is born with.

 

2009 National School Climate Survey

 

59. What percent of respondents were verbally harassed (e.g., called names or threatened) at school because of their sexual orientation?

 

60. What percent of respondents were physically harassed (e.g., pushed or shoved) at school in the past year because of their sexual orientation?

 

Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey

 

61. What percent of transgender and non-gender conforming respondents reported attempting suicide? 

 

62. What percent of respondents reported that they had lost a job due to being transgender or gender non-conforming?

 

Roddrick Colvin. “The Extent of Sexual Orientation Discrimination in Topeka, KS”

 

63. Referring to the 2004 survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender residents of Topeka, Kansas, which of the following statements are true?

a. 15% of respondents reported that they were fired because of their sexual orientation or gender identity

b. 17% of respondents reported experiencing discrimination buying or renting a home

c. 11% reported that they were denied a promotion

d. all of the above

 

McVeigh, Rory; Diaz, Maria-Elena D. “Voting to Ban Same-Sex Marriage: Interests, Values, and Communities”

 

64. McVeigh and Diaz, examining initiatives proposing to ban same-sex marriage in 28 states from 2000 through 2008, found that

a. opposition to same-sex marriage is strong in communities characterized by the predominance of traditional gender roles and family structure.

b. effects of traditional family structure and gender roles are especially strong in counties characterized by weak community cohesion

c. all of the above

 

Lecture material -- Education

 

65. According to the slide “Eight Grade Mathematics Curriculum Taught, Known Previously, and Learned by Type of Mathematics Program,” in which class type was the most amount of material taught?    

a. remedial classes

b. typical classes

c. enriched

d. algebra

 

66. According to the slide “Eight Grade Mathematics Curriculum Taught, Known Previously, and Learned by Type of Mathematics Program,” in which class type was there the least amount of learning?    

a. remedial classes

b. typical classes

c. enriched

d. algebra

 

67. According to the article “Lasting Consequences of the Summer Learning Gap,” the high SES-low SES achievement gap in ninth grade mainly traces to what?

 

Internet article: “Cultural Capital”

 

68. According to Pierre Bourdieu, what is a characteristic of cultural capital?

 

Internet article: “The 30 Million Word Gap” by Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley

 

69. Hart and Risley found that three-year-old children of professionals had a larger vocabulary size than adults on welfare.

a. true

b. false

Midterm 1

Midterm 1

Social Problems

Study guide

 

Here is a list of items that you should know about or questions you should be able to answer.

 

CHAPTER 1

THE STUDY OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS

 

1. Karl Marx

2.  manifest and latent functions

3.  sociological imagination and C. Wright Mills

4.  What is a cultural value affected by a global recession?

5.  Charles Tilly

6. conflict theory 

7. functionalism

8.  Howard Becker 

9. types of research methods

10. independent and dependent variables

11. spurious correlation

 

CHAPTER 2

INEQUALITY: POVERTY AND WEALTH

 

12. social stratification

13. In the last 30 years, what does the evidence suggest about the gap between the wealthy and the poor in the United States? 

14. characteristics of people in the various social classes

15. U.S. data show that which age group has the highest poverty rates?

16. William Julius Wilson

17. intergenerational mobility

18. Meritocracy is in line with which paradigm of sociology?

19. Which sociological perspective is most likely to focus on the stigma associated with being poor?

20. functionalism

21. progressive taxation systems

22. The highest fifth in the country (those earning over $100,000) share_________ percent of the total U.S. income.

23. The lowest fifth of the U.S. population earns less than _________ per year.

24. In 2009, the median income of households in the United States was about _____.

25. As of 2011, a family of four had to earn under __________ to be below the poverty level.

26. Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore

27. Melvin Tumin

28. the U.S. welfare system prior to 1996

 

CHAPTER 17

GLOBALIZATION AND INEQUALITY

 

29. globalization

30. brain drain

31. Roughly _________ percent of the world’s population is living outside their nation of birth.

32. Kevin Bales 

33. grobalization

34. Which wealthy country has the highest percentage of children in poverty after all welfare transfers have been put in place? 

35. Which region of the world has the highest percentage of people living at or below $1.25 a day?  

36. According to Kai Müller, the United States doesn’t rank in the top _____ best places to live related to quality of life.

37. Of the 21 wealthiest nations on earth, where is income inequality the greatest?

38. Immanuel Wallerstein

39. When comparing their vacation time, members of the European Union receive ___________ vacation days than Americans.

 

Tax Myths. Lane Kenworthy

 

40. Lane Kenworthy’s research shows that higher levels of taxation _____ economic competitiveness.

41. Lane Kenworthy’s research shows that there is _____ relationship between tax revenues and inequality reduction.

42. Lane Kenworthy’s research shows that government transfers (e.g., welfare) reduce inequality much more than taxation. True or false?